SNC 1DO skills

INTRODUCTION

A Title Page should be added to students notebook, including: Your name, Your Teacher, SNC 1DO, Year, Home Form
This should be made at home and will allow for prompt return of any lost notebooks.

A Table of Contents will be added to notebooks, with the following headings:
Title Date Page Number

Every day ONLY ONE entry will be made into the table contents under the title of the first note given.
Every page in the students notebook should also include a date and a page number.
This includes assignments, tests and labs which may be numbered when the teacher returns them.
These should be placed near the relevant notes and not in a separate part of the notebook.

Teacher will now read over the course outline with students, explaining safety rules and classroom expectations.
Formal lessons will begin next class.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD: step by step approach to solving scientific problems...an example is listed below

(1) PURPOSE -state the problem you wish to study using the scientific method

            (2) HYPOTHESIS -make a prediction about the problem studied
                                      -two variables should be mentioned in this hypothesis
                                  INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: something that is changed by researcher
                                 DEPENDENT VARIABLE: something that is changed by INDEPENDENT variable
                    state hypothesis as:
IF independent variable changes, THEN dependent variable will change

                    . e.g. IF a pen is dropped, THEN it will fall

IF I step on the gas peddle, THEN my car will speed up

IF I turn light a candle, THEN the room temperature will increase

            (3) MATERIALS -list equipment needed to test hypothesis

            (4) METHOD -list the steps followed in order to test hypothesis

            (5) OBSERVATIONS -record of observations made during test of hypothesis
                                Observations -detecting information using 5 senses
                                                        . e.g. use taste, smell, touch, sight, sound...object does not move, is wet...

Observations should record: reactants (materials at start of reaction)
products (materials at end of reaction)
reaction (what occurs during reaction)

            (6) DISCUSSION -explanation of inferences made using observations, mention possible sources of error
                                Inferences    -conclusions or explanation of observations
                                                        . e.g. object is dead, lives in water...

            (7) CONCLUSIONS -state if test has shown hypothesis to be correct/incorrect/inconclusive

SCIENTIFIC MODELS: mental or physical representation used to help explain scientific concept
(which is too difficult to observe directly)
. e.g. molecular models are used to show how atoms interact

GROUP ACTIVITY

A team building activity will be completed by groups of students in order to prepare them for future lab activities where cooperation and teamwork are essential

QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS -no number in measurement, subjective description
                                                            . e.g. colour, smell, taste
QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS -measure the amount of a number and a unit
                                                            . e.g. 10 cm, 15 L, 5 fingers

                *you should only estimate one digit more than is visible on the measuring instrument used
e.g.. Assume you have a ruler that only has cm markings markings on it.
If an object appears to measure half way between the 6 cm mark and the 7 cm mark, the object
is said to be 6.5 cm long. The 0.5 cm was your estimate of how far between the 6 cm and
7 cm the object went.
If another object is found to be right on the 6 cm mark, the estimated size of the object
would be recorded as 6.0 cm long. The estimated digit must be included.

PARALLAX ERROR: When an object is measuring instrument is viewed form above or below different
results are seen.
In order to prevent inconsistent readings, measurements should be made while viewing the
measuring instrument straight on

MENISCUS: Curves on surface of solution, called meniscus, may result in measurement errors.
-in order to be consistent in measurement, a meniscus is measured from the bottom of the curve

MASS: amount of matter in an object measured quantitatively
            -can be measured using a balance
            -standard units are kg (kilograms)
            1000 g = 1 kg

VOLUME: amount of space taken up by an object measured quantitatively
            -standard units are L (litres)
            1000 mL = 1L
            cm³ can be used as well
1 mL = 1 cm³

VOLUME OF REGULAR SHAPED OBJECT (e.g.. block) -measure using a ruler
formula = length X width X height (e.g. cm X cm X cm = cm³)

VOLUME OF SMALL IRREGULAR OBJECT (e.g. small rock) -measure using a graduated cylinder
(volume of water in cylinder + object) - (volume of water in cylinder) = volume of object

VOLUME OF LARGE IRREGULAR OBJECT (e.g. big rock) -measure using an overflow can and graduated cylinder
-add object to an overflow can which is filled with water
-collect water that overflows from the can into a graduated cylinder, and measure the volume of this
collected water

DENSITY -the amount matter that occupies a certain space (mass per unit volume)
            -a physical property, and is measured quantitatively

            -formula is D = m/V where D = density, m = mass and V = volume
            -if units for mass are g, and volume are mL, density units are g/mL

            ALSO         m=DV        V=m/D

-if a substance does not mix with another substance, and has a different density,
density measurements can be used to determine which substance will float on which...

    e.g. 5 mL of olive oil is found to have a mass of 4.6 g, while 30 mL of water has a mass of 30 g
The olive oil and water are unable to mix with each other.

        Determine the density of each substance, and which substance will float on the other

Olive Oil    -    D   = m / V            given m = 4.5 g and V = 5 mL
                             = 4.6 g /5 mL
                             = 0.92 g/mL is the density of olive oil

Water        -    D    = m/V            given m = 30 g and V = 30 mL
                            = 30 g /30 mL
                            = 1.0 g /mL is the density of water

Olive oil is less dense than water
Since olive oil is less dense than water, it will float on the water. Denser materials sink.

SLOPE -a quanititative measurement that indicates how fast one quantity changes with respect to another on a line graph

SLOPE = RISE / RUN = (y₂ - y₁)/(x₂ -x₁)= distance on "y" axis / distance on "x" axis

e.g. Two points on a line are found. They are (0,0) and (2,1). Find the slope of this line.

Another point on the same line is (4,2). Find the slope between (2,1) and (4,2).

Use any two points on the same line to find the slope.
The slope will be the same if the points are on the same line.

-slope is measured on a straight line, and indicates a direct relationship between the two properties plotted
    i.e. as one property increases, so does another

       THE SLOPE OF A GRAPH GIVES US A PROPERTY OF THE MATERIAL STUDIED

-slopes of different graphs indicate different properties...
    SLOPE of distance/time graph = velocity
    SLOPE of speed/time graph = acceleration
SLOPE OF MASS/VOLUME GRAPH = DENSITY