SBI 3UO LESSON PLANS

Ontario Curriculum objectives: U=understanding concepts (U1-U5) D=developing skills (D1-D3) R=relating science (R1-R4)

Text: Biology 11 Addison-Wesley

Tissue:
-group of cells with the same structure and function eg. muscle, adipose
Organ:
-group of tissues working together eg. heart, kidney
Organ System:
-group of organs working together eg. digestive, respiratory, circulatory

-the circulatory system consists of organs working to transport food/nutrients through the body

Blood is an organ in the circulatory system that transports material
Functions:
-carry nutrients, O₂, CO₂
-equalize body temperature
-transport hormones
-transport antibodies
-helps clotting
-removes wastes

-approximately 5 L of blood are found in the human body

-two major components of blood can be found by centrifuging (spinning) blood

Plasma:
-55% of blood                                   
-less dense, straw coloured
-92% water, 8% proteins and dissolved substances eg. glucose

Formed Elements:
-45%
-more dense, red coloured
-three major components:
(1) Red blood cells/erythrocytes(99.9% of formed elements)
    -made in red bone marrow
    -stored in spleen
    -destroyed in spleen and liver (approx. 2 million destroyed per second of 25 trillion)
     (these organs store iron from the erythrocytes)
    -structure: no nucleus or mitochondria, contain protein hemoglobin and iron
    -function: hemoglobin and iron carry oxygen and carbondioxide
     (iron + oxygen results in red colour of blood)
(2) White blood cells/leucocytes (0.1% of formed elements, with platelets)
    -made in bone marrow and lymph tissue (eg. thymus, tonsils)
    -function: T-cells are phagocytic, surround and eat invading objects “antigens” (eg. bacteria, virus)
                    B-cells produce antibodies (proteins which recognize antigens)
                    antibodies destroy antigens by surrounding them or attracting T-cells
     -pus is white blood cells that are fighting infection
(3) Platelets (0.1% of formed elements, with leucocytes)
    -broken cell fragments that repair wounds
     -open wound causes platelets to release “clotting factors” (proteins)
     -clotting factors cause platelets to stick together
     -more reactions now occur which release “fibrin”
     -fibrin, platelets and blood cells form a clot which seals the wound
hemophilia: sex-linked condition in which proteins needed for clot formation are missing, leading to excessive bleeding
heparin: drug used to prevent clotting after surgery

Blood disorders include the following:
Anemia:
-decrease in oxygen in the blood
-often anemia is due to altered hemoglobin (eg. sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) or blood loss
Shock:
-circulatory system holds blood in “core” of body in order to conserve blood (often because of blood loss)
-body is cold/clammy and vital organs (eg. brain) may be damaged
Leukemia:
cancer of white blood cells (produced in bone marrow)

ABO Blood types:
-donation of blood depends on antigens and antibodies present in blood
Antigens:
-recognition factors on cells
Antibody:
-protein that attacks recognition factors on cells

Rhesus factor (Rh):
-a group of blood proteins are called rhesus factors
-if any of these proteins are present in blood, it is Rh+
-if these proteins are missing in blood, it is Rh-
Rh- have antibodies against Rh+ after one exposure to Rh+ blood
Rh+ have no antibodies against Rh

Do blood testing lab

Blood vessels are used to transport blood through the body

Do activity sheet/microviewer on blood vessels

Heart: Label the heart diagram with blue and red coloured pens

Pulmonary system:
-carries blood from the right side of the heart to lungs
-these are the only blue arteries and red veins
Coronary system:
-carries blood from the left side of the heart to heart muscles
Hepatic portal system:
-carries blood from the left side of the heart to retrieve nutrients from intestines/stomach
-carries nutrient filled blood to the liver
-this system has two sets of capillaries (intestines/stomach and liver)
Renal system:
-carries blood from the left side of the heart to the kidney to remove wastes

Circulation: complete activity sheet on circulation

-blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer
-when the heart pushes blood into the aorta = systolic pressure (high pressure) -“lub” sound
-when no blood leaves the heart the pressure of blood on aorta is lower = diastolic pressure -“dub” sound

Systole/Diastole is read as blood pressure:
120/80 in healthy adults (on average)
140/90 (hypertension) is high blood pressure

Hypertension may be caused by Atherosclerosis: -cholesterol blocks off blood vessels

Atherosclerosis may result in Angina: -chest pain due to lack of oxygen in coronary system

Heart attack:
-severe angina resulting in muscle cells dying on the heart (scar tissue results)
-Nitroglycerine opens up blood vessels to allow greater blood flow to heart muscle
-Bypass surgery replaces clogged blood vessels
-Angioplasty opens up constricted blood vessels using a balloon

Stroke:
-brain damage caused by lack of oxygen flow
Thrombosis:
-a blood clot can form in damaged blood vessels, and go to brain (embolism: floating blood clot)
Aneurysm:
-blood vessel in brain leaks
-damage to one side of the brain affects the other side of the body

view video on circulation

-quiz next class on heart parts

There are four main types of respiration in the body:
Ventilation/Breathing:
-oxygen is taken into mouth (inhalation) while carbon dioxide is released (exhalation)
External Respiration:
-oxygen is moved into blood in alveoli, and carbon dioxide is moved into alveoli
-gas exchange must take place on a moist surface, and alveoli are moist to allow this to occur
Internal Respiration:
-oxygen in the blood is passed into cells, while carbon dioxide in cells is moved into blood
Cellular Respiration:
-mitochondria in cells use oxygen and sugar in order to make ATP (useful energy)
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 36 ADP + 36 phosphate ----enzymes--> 36 ATP + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

-the respiratory system consists of all organs involved in breathing and external respiration

Nasal Cavity:
-lined with ciliated (small hairs), mucosal (mucus secreting) epithelial (surface) cells
-the cilia beat back and forth, pushing wastes out the nose
-the mucus acts to catch wastes, moisten the air
-the nasal cavity also serves to warm air as it enters the body

Pharynx (throat):
-a common passage of food and air

Epiglottis:
-cartilage flap that covers the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing

Larynx:
-voice box at top of trachea, under epiglottis, contains vocal cords
-cartilage used to produce sounds, moves up to hit epiglottis when swallowing

Trachea (windpipe):
-tube leading down to lungs, lined with ciliated mucosal epithelial cells
-cartilage “c” rings surround the trachea, preventing it from collapsing

Bronchi:
-the trachea branches into two smaller tubes of similar structure which lead to the lungs

Lungs contain the following organs:
Bronchioles:
-smaller branches of bronchi leading to alveoli (air sacs)
-smallest bronchioles contain no ciliated or mucosal cells
Alveoli (air sacs):
-small sacs lined with moist surfacant to allow gas exchange
-gas must dissolve in liquid before moving through cells
-alveoli are also lined with capillaries which bring blood to lungs in order to carry out gas exchange

-150 million alveoli are found in each lung
-alveoli increase the surface area for breathing to approximately 70 m²

Total Lung Capacity:
-maximum amount of air the lungs hold

Residual Lung Volume (RV):
-amount of air left in lungs always (usually 1-1.5L) to prevent lungs collapse

Tidal Lung Volume (TV):
-volume of air inhaled or exhaled per ordinary breath (250-500 mL)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
-amount of extra inhalation possible after normal inhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
-amount of extra exhalation possible after normal exhalation (does not include residual lung volume)

Vital Capacity (VC):
-maximum inhalation or exhalation possible (4.5 L normally)
   TV + IRV + ERV = VC

Do Lung Volume Activity

Respiration Rate:
-regulated by “medulla oblongata”  in the brain
-when oxygen concentration is low in the blood, the concentration of carbon dioxide increases
-excess carbon dioxide forms an acid in the blood, H₂CO_{3 (aq)}
-chemoreceptor cells (detect chemicals) detect this acid and send messages to the medulla oblongata
-the medulla oblongata responds by sending messages to the diaphragm to increase respiration rate
-increased respiration will lower carbon dioxide levels and raise oxygen levels

-complete respiratory disorder jig-saw activity

earthworms: 
-gas exchange occurs through capillaries in the skin
-skin must be kept moist in order to allow gas diffusion

insect:
-tracheal tubes carry air from holes in body to individual cells
-body movements keep air circulating
-works well only in smaller organisms

fish:
-gills with capillaries used for gas exhange
-to inhale, the fish opens its mouth and closes its opercula (covering gills)
-to exhale, the fish opens its opercula and closes its mouth
-blood flows in the opposite direction to oxygen (see p. 314, #19)

frogs:
-gas exchange occurs in capillaries of moist skin, lungs and mouth

birds: 
-one way flow of gas occurs, with two air sacs surrounding the lung
-as bird inhales, lung is smaller, but air sacs both fill up
-as bird exhales, air sacs empty, and the lung inflates

-the digestive system consists of all organs involved in breakdown of food to be passed into bloodstream

Alimentary Tract:
-tube leading through body from mouth to anus with different shape and structure

Accessory Organs:
-organs that secrete substances into alimentary tract

Label diagram of digestive tract

Complete microviewer on “smoking and health”

ALIMENTARY TRACT 

The alimentary tract consists of all organs on the tube leading through the body from the mouth to the anus
Mouth/Oral Cavity:
a) tongue:
-skeletal muscle, voluntary control
-detects chemicals (taste) with taste buds (papillae)
-pushes food into “bolus” (ball of food)