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Unit 4: Diversity of Living Things (17 hours) |
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the diversity of living organisms through applying the concepts of phylogeny and taxonomy to the kingdoms of life. Techniques of sampling and classification will be used to illustrate the fundamental principles of taxonomy. Students will relate common characteristics and diversity in life to the importance of maintaining biodiversity within natural ecosystems.
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Ontario
Curriculum objectives: |
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Text: Biology 11 |
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Lesson One |
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Summary:(U1) |
Homework: |
DIVERSITY
OF LIVING THINGS
All
organisms must carry out the following life functions:
-obtain food
-growth
-exchange gases
-dispose of wastes
-reproduction
All
organisms must cope with environmental changes in:
-sunlight
-precipitation
-temperature
-food supply
-predators
-competitors
Adaptations are changes in an organism's structural/behavioural traits
Adaptations
help organisms survive of environmental changes
eg. structural changes include webbed feet to help swimming
eg.
behavioural changes include migration, hibernation, social structure
CLASSIFICATION
Phylogeny:
-grouping of organisms based on relatedness
Taxonomy:
-naming
organisms and assigning groups
View video on Kingdoms, completing chart
(there are six kingdoms found in nature)
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Lesson Two |
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Summary:(U2) |
Homework: |
TAXONOMY
Taxonomy names/classifies
organisms based on similar structure
Taxon:
-groups classified by taxonomy
Taxa are organized from the largest groups down to the smallest, most specific groups
Kingdom: largest most
general grouping of organisms
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus: grouping of very similar organisms but unable to reproduce
fertile offspring
Species: able to reproduce and make fertile offspring (many exceptions
exist)
Carolus
Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature which names all organisms by genus and
species
Phylogeny groups organisms
based on relatedness, looking at structures, DNA, developmental similarities
Do dichotomous key assignment
BIOLOGICAL KINGDOMS
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Kingdom |
description |
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Archaebacteria |
-live in extreme salt, acid, low oxygen |
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Eubacteria |
-true bacteria |
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Protista |
-eukaryotes, mostly single celled |
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Fungi |
-eukaryotes with cell wall (not cellulose) |
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Animalia |
-multicellular heterotrophic organisms with no cell walls |
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Plantae |
-multicellular autotrophic (photosynthesis) organisms with
cellulose cell walls |
Work on classifying
animal samples by phylum and class (use chapter 17 of "Biological
Science")
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Lesson Three |
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Summary:(U2,D2) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Eubacteria:
-prokaryotes
-single
celled
-no
organelles or nucleus
-single
chromosome
-reproduce
by binary fission
Label
bacteria diagram, showing -genetic material (DNA,RNA)
-cytoplasm (dissolves material)
-cell walls (protective layer)
-cell membrane (controls movement in and out)
-flagellum (not always present, used for motion)
Classification:
Gram Stain can be used to classify bacteria:
Gram
negative bacteria:
-have a slime capsule outside the cell wall which provides additional protection
-this capsule prevents the bacteria from taking in stain
-generally more dangerous bacteria
Gram
positive:
-bacteria take in stain as they lack the slime capsule layer
Do classification lab
Bacteria
can be classified by shape and arrangement:
Shape:
spherical
- coccus
rod
- bacillus
spiral
- spirillum
Arrangement:
pairs -diplo
clumps -staphylo
chains -strepto
examples:
pair of spheres -diplococcus
clump of spheres -staphylococcus
chain of spheres -streptococcus
Spirillum are always found on
their own
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Lesson Four |
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Summary:(U3) |
Homework: |
BACTERIA VIDEO
Discuss bacteria video
Complete classification lab
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Lesson Five |
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Summary:(U3) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA (continued)
Bacterial
can be classified according to their different “Life Styles":
aerobes:
-need oxygen to live
facultative
Anaerobes:
-can live with or without oxygen
obligate
Anaerobes:
-cannot live in oxygen
Niches (role in
environment) can also be used to classify bacteria:
Heterotrophs:
-must obtain food from other organisms
eg. Parasites:
live on a host, harming it (eg. Salmonella)
Saprobes: do not hurt or help host (eg. Decompose waste)
Mutualism: help the host (eg. E. coli in intestines)
(symbiants:
organisms that live with another organsim/host)
Autotrophs:
-make own food
eg.
Photosynthetic: use sunlight to make food
Chemosynthetic: use inorganic chemicals for food (eg.
Sulphur)
BACTERIAL ILLNESS
Parasitic bacteria (heterotrophs) can make you ill by attacking body cells or making toxin/poison
Koch’s
postulates:
-the following postulates are used to determine if one bacteria causes one
disease
1.
take blood from an organism with an illness
2.
grow bacteria from this blood on an agar plate in colonies
3.
put bacteria into another healthy organism…this organism should get the same
disease
4.
take blood from this ill organism, and find the same bacteria in its blood
METHODS OF KILLING BACTERIA
antiseptics:
-antibacterial chemical
antibiotics:
-poison bacteria with chemical made by other bacteria or fungi (eg. Penicillin)
human
defenses:
-skin
-mucus,
cilia trap and move bacteria out
-lymphocytes
(white blood cells): T-cells attack invaders (phagocytosis)
B-cells make antibodies
Do harmful bacteria microviewer activity
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Lesson Six |
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Summary:(R1) |
Homework: |
BACTERIA
ACTIVITIES
-collect bacteria from various parts of the school on agar plates
-do “playing” activity
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Lesson Seven |
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Summary:(U3) |
Homework: |
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
Binary
fission:
-one cell spits into two equal sized cells-occurs every 15/20 minutes
-one
bacterial cell can produce up to 20 000 000 000 cells a day
-of these, around 2000 will be mutants
-mutation produces most diversity in bacteria
Conjugation:
-one bacteria produces a cytoplasmic bridge (pilli) to another bacteria,
allowing DNA transfer
-conjucagation results in more variety in the bacteria
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms and belong to a
separate kingdom from eubacteria
structure:
-cell wall and cell membrane, but the structure is different from eubacteria
-half of the genes found in archaebacteria are different than those in eubacteria
lifestyles:
anaerobic
methanogens:
-release methane in swamps, marshes, herbivore guts
halophiles:
-found in areas with high salt content
thermophiles:
-found in very hot climates
Classify bacteria on agar plates (lab)
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Lesson Eight |
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Summary:(U3,D2) |
Homework: |
VIRUSES/PHAGE
Viruses/phage
are not considered a kingdom because they do not possess all the
characteristics of life
structure:
-protein
coat with nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) inside
-need a host to metabolize and reproduce
lifestyles:
Lytic:
-virus
protein coat sticks to host, injects DNA, RNA
-virus
uses host to make more viruses
-“lytic
enzymes” are produced, destroying the cell (“lyse”) and releasing viruses
-this
cycle works quickly
Lysogenic:
-virus
protein coat sticks to host, injects DNA
-DNA
joins host DNA
a)
DNA of virus is replicated with every cell division
b)
When conditions change, the virus uses the host to make more viruses
-“lytic
enzymes” are produced, lysing the cell to release viruses
-this
cycle allows the virus to remain dormant for a period of time
Genetic
material may change:
-DNA viruses
-RNA viruses (always lytic, no DNA)
-retroviruses turn RNA into DNA (eg. HIV)
-do virus classification lab
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Lesson Nine |
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Summary:(D1) |
Homework: |
VACCINES
-vaccines
are injections used to fight virus and bacterial infections
-injections are made of virus or bacteria that are harmless
-these vaccines should build up immunity (antibodies, white blood cells)
against similar harmful virus/bacteria
eg.
-take a harmful bacteria, disable it with poison
-inject disabled bacteria as a vaccine against harmful
bacteria
eg.
-take harmless virus and move gene for surface recognition into virus DNA
-remove DNA that would cause virus to destroy host
-harmless virus builds up defenses against harmful virus.
-do “HIV” lab, with worksheet
-complete virus classification from last day
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Lesson Ten |
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Summary:(U2,D2,R1) |
Homework: |
-describe genetic engineering using p. 406, Fig. 12.19
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Kingdom Protista consists of all eukaryotic (have nucleus, organelles) unicellular species
There
are three main types of protists:
Animal-like
Protists (Protozoans):
-eat material from surroundings…heterotrophs
a) Zooflagellates
(Mastigophora)-use flagella for movement, eg. Trypanosomes
b) Amoebas
(Sarcodina)-use pseudopods for phagocytosis, move with cytoplasmic streaming
c) Ciliates
(Ciliata)-use small hair-like cilia to move, oral groove to eat, two nuclei,
eg. Paramecium
d) Sporozoa
(Sporozoans)-no locomotion, parasites, form spores, eg. Malaria parasites
Plasmodium
Fungus-like
Protists:
-one
cell with many nuclei, move by cytoplasmic streaming
-forms fruiting body like mushroom to spread spores during life cycle, eg.
Slime molds
Plant-like Protists:
-carry out photosynthesis…autotrophs
a) Euglenoids
(Euglenophyta)-use flagella for movement, photosynthetic in light, heterotrophs
in dark
b) Diatoms
(Chrysophyta…algae)-yellow, brown in silica shell, not mobile
c) Dinoflagellates
(Pyrrophyta…algae)- red, two flagella, photosynthetic in light, heterotrophs in
dark
d) Green
Algae (Chlorophyta)- green, two flagella, can be single celled or in
colonies (eg. Volvox)
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Lesson Eleven |
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Summary:(U4,D1) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM PROTISTA(continued)
-groups of two students should prepare a dichotomous key to classify Protista using old biology texts
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Lesson Twelve |
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Summary:(U1) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM PROTISTA(continued)
-use dichotomous
keys to classify Protista on microviewers
-answer
text questions on Protista
-view video on Kingdom Protista (with worksheet)
-extra work on phyla
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Lesson Thirteen |
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Summary:(U4,U5,D2,R2) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM FUNGI
Kingdom Fungi
are eukaryotic celled multicellular organisms
Characteristics:
1) Heterotrophic eukaryotes (no chlorophyll)
-most fill niches as saprobes (eat waste) or parasites
-not mobile
-have a cell wall that does not contain cellulose, uses chitin instead
2) Body is called “Thallus”
-this
body is made of hyphae: threads that absorb water, minerals
-mycelium
is a group of hyphae
3) Most
reproduce both sexually and asexually
There
are four main types of fungi
Caselike
Fungi (Zygomycota):
Asexual:
-spores (1n) grow into hyphae (1n) in good conditions
-Hyphe
grow spore cases, and release spores
Sexual:
+ and – hyphae join to make a large case (zygospore, 2n)
-Meiosis occurs in the case to make spores (1n) which are released to make hyphae
eg.
Bread mold (rhyzopus)
Saclike Fungi (Ascomycota):
Asexual:
\
-cell buds to make two cells (1n)
Sexual:
+ and – cell join to make zygote (2n)
-meiosis occurs in a ascus (sac) which has 8 spores (1n)
-spores are released to form cells (1n)
eg.
Yeast, mildew, blue and green mold
Clublike fungi (Basidiomycota):
Spores
(1n) form hyphae (1n)
+
and – hyphae join to make one cell with 2 nuclei (dikaryote) (1n)
-hyphae
join to make clublike structure (1n)
-in
gills of fungi, nuclei fuse (2n) and meiosis occurs to make spores (1n)
eg.
Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs
Imperfect Fungi:
-no
distinct sexual cycles
eg.
Athletes foot, ringworm
Work on fungi questions
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Lesson Fourteen |
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Summary:(U3) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM FUNGI(continued)
-view “Kingdom Fungi” video
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Lesson Fifteen |
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Summary:(U4,U5,D2,D3,R2) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
All
animals have the following characteristics:
-heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes
-lack cell walls
-contain nerve and muscle tissue not found in other kingdoms
-reproduce sexually usually, with the diploid stage being dominant
-use "Biological Science" text to classify different phyla of animals and give examples
-do formal drawing of animal cell from wet mount slide of pond water
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Lesson Sixteen |
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Summary:(U4,U5,D1,D2,D3,R2) |
Homework: |
KINGDOM
PLANTAE
All
plants have the following characteristics:
-autotrophic
multicellular eukaryotes
-have
cellulose cell walls
-develop
embryo during development, one generation haploid, one diploid
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Types of Plants
-mosses:
no vascular tissue or seeds
-ferns:
vascular, no seeds
-gymnosperm:
cone bearing plants, seeds, vascular -angiosperm:
flowering plants, seeds, vascular
-use "Biological Science" text to classify different phyla of plants and give examples
-collect plant samples from surroundings area, completing plant classification