SBI 3UO LESSON PLANS

Ontario Curriculum objectives: U=understanding concepts (U1-U6) D=developing skills (D1-D4) R=relating science (R1-R3)

Text: Biology 11 Addison-Wesley

All living things are made up of the following complex compounds:
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleic Acids

organic compounds: contain C, H
monomer: single complex compound made of atoms
polymer: collection of monomers

function:
-short term energy storage of energy
-structure of organisms (e.g. cell walls)

structure:
-contain C (carbon), H (hydrogen) and O (oxygen)

monomer is monosaccharide
e.g. glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆ = molecular formula, # of atoms)
-structural formula (see page 13) has bend that indicate C atoms, end of lines may indicate H atoms
-structural formulas show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

disaccharide is two monosaccharides joined together
 e.g. glucose + glucose -> maltose + water (see page 14)
        maltose is the disaccharide, with the formula of C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
        (this is the formula of two glucoses together with water removed)
 -any reaction which removes water is called dehydration/condensation (usually build polymers this way)
 -reactions which add water are called hydrolysis (usually break polymers down this way)

polysaccharides are many monosaccharides joined together (more than two)
 -these are long chains that do not dissolve in water

Four main types are found in living things (p. 15) 

Lipids are organic substances that do not dissolve in water (insoluble) and do dissolve in organic liquids (gasoline)

Triglycerides:
function:
-stores large amounts of energy for long time (does not dissolve in water, hard to break down)

structure:
-1 glycerol (dissolves in water) + 3 fatty acids (do not dissolve in water)
Glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) on p. 18, figure 1.21
Fatty Acids -chains of C with energy stored in H-C bonds (p. 17, figure 1.20)
  Saturated fatty acids      -only has single bonds
  Unsaturated fatty acids  -have double bonds

Two types of trigylcerides:
FATS:
  -one glycerol + three saturated fatty acids
  -made in animals, solid at room temperature
OILS:
  -one glycerol + three unsaturated fatty acids
  -made in plants, liquid at room temperature
Both are made by dehydration reactions involving loss of three water molecules
Both are broken down by hydrolysis reactions involving addition of three water molecules

Lipids are NOT polymers
Adipose tissue is used in humans to store fats.
It has unlimited growth potential, and cells increase in size, not number

Other lipids:

Do model building lab for carbohydrates only, building glucose and maltose

Proteins are also known as polypeptides
function:
-structural and functional part of most living things
eg. cell membranes, hormones, enzymes

structure:
-polymers made of amino acids (monomers) -see page 23
-there are 20 amino acids
-proteins have different number, order and type of amino acids
-these can be 1000’s of amino acids long

-proteins are made by joining amino acids in condensation reactions to produce a “peptide bond”
-shape of a protein is important to it having the proper function (lose shape with heat, other chemicals)

Finish lipid and protein part of molecular model lab

-do chemical reaction lab, testing for sugar, starch, protein and lipid

Cells:
-the smallest living things
-can live on own (amoeba) or in groups (human)

Tissues:
-group of cells doing same function (e.g. muscle)

Organ:
-group of tissues doing same function (eg. skin has nerve, blood)

Organ System:
-group of organs doing same function (eg. respiratory system has lungs, diaphragm, arteries)

Organism:
-able to carry out life functions on own, as group of organ systems, or individual cells)

-all living things are composed of cells and cell products
-cells are basic units of structure and function in living things
-all cells come from pre-existing cells

Do cell organization activity

Assign cell part sheets

Quiz on monomers, polymers next day

Assign cell model project

Cells need to quickly obtain energy as well as remove waste
They do this through their cell membrane
Material in a cell moves by diffusion (from high to low concentration)
As surface area increases (area for absorption/release of material), the volume of the cell increases more (area inside cell that must be moved)
-see p. 40

“fluid mosaic model” of the cell membrane:
-phospholipid bilayer has two layers of phospholipids
-hydrophilic (water loving) heads pointing into and out of cell
-fatty acid hydrophobic (water hating) tails pointing towards the center of the membrane
-this membrane is fluid, with phospholipids moving through it
-proteins are present in the membrane for:  recognition (with sugar chains)
                                                                     support, anchor cytoskeleton
                                                                     communication
                                                                     transport of material into/out of cell
-cholesterol is also present to keep the membrane fluid
-see p. 42,43

-make cell models
-label cell diagrams

Examine microviewers comparing plant and animal cells
Work on cell part word search

Bring up answers to questions on cell model activity

Review microscope calculations

Describe techniques needed to do scientific diagrams

Complete activity on cell size and eukaryotes/prokaryotes

Review cell parts from inside out

Describe procedure for wet mount slide preparation

Draw formal diagram of plant, animal and wet mount slides

-quiz on cell parts next class

-quiz on cell parts

-movement of material into/out of/through cells
-kinetic molecular theory needed to explain movement of cells

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT, particle theory):
1. All matter is made of particles
2. All particles are moving (quicker when heated)
3. There is space between the particles
4. The particles are attracted to each other
5. The particles of the same type are called elements

Video to introduce diffusion (with worksheet)

CELL TRANSPORT TERMS

Concentration:
-amount of material per unit volume, or as a percentage

Solution:
-one substance (solute) dissolved in another (solvent)
eg. saltwater has salt (solute) dissolved in water (solvent)

Diffusion:
-movement in a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
(different regions of concentration = concentration gradient)
-material diffuses naturally by KMT

Brownian movement:
-movement in straight line until collision, then movement in new straight line

Osmosis:
-diffusion of solvent (usually water) through a membrane

Dialysis:
-diffusion of solute (eg. salt, water) through a membrane

Hypotonic solution:
-concentration of solute is lower in solution than in cell
(eg. cell in fresh water: water will enter cell, salt will leave cell, cell gets bigger)

Hypertonic solution:
-concentration of solute is higher in solution than in cell
(eg. cell in salt water: water will leave cell, salt will enter cell, cell shrinks)

Isotonic solution:
-concentration of solute inside the cell is equal to outside
-diffusion will stop, as there is no concentration gradient

Work on potato dry lab

CELL TRANSPORT (continued)

Turgid:
-swollen, cell filled with solvent (in hypoto